Tiamulin is a carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a ethyl acetate group and used as veterinary medicine particularly for pigs and poultry. This product is white or white crystalline powder, odourless, tasteless, to be used for chicken chronic respiratory disease, swine haemophilus pleura pneumonia and mycoplasma pneumonia. It is easily soluble in methanol or ethanol, soluble in water, slightly soluble in acetone, and almost insoluble in hexane. As the swine feed additive drugs can promote weight gain. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae for pigs.  

Tiamulin 45%, 80% is used for treatment and prevention of bacterial gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases, including dysentery, enzootic pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, proliferative enteropathy in pigs (ileitis), colitis and other infections, caused by pathogens sensitive to tiamulin. It has a role as an antibacterial drug.

Effect of Tiamulin on Poultry & Livestock

Tiamulin is active against gram-positive bacteria, mycoplasmas, and anaerobes, including Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Tiamulin is well absorbed when administered PO. It is labeled for use as an oral medicated feed or water in swine in the US to treat swine dysentery and Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia.

When tiamulin is used at therapeutic levels in feed, water or by injection and salinomycin is used at 60 ppm, toxic reactions and deaths occur. The interaction does not occur when the two antibiotics are used concurrently and the tiamulin is used at the recommended prophylactic (30–40 ppm) or growth promotant (11 ppm) levels, and independently of whether the administration is oral or by injection, but only if a gap of 72 hours has elapsed between the last exposure to salinomycin and the first exposure to therapeutic levels of tiamulin and vice versa.

Tiamulin acts by inhibiting protein synthesis at the ribosomal level. In veterinary medicine, tiamulin is used for treatment and attempt to prevent dysentery, pneumonia and mycoplasmal infections in pigs and poultry.

After effects of Tiamulin

Overdoses of tiamulin hydrogen fumarate sometimes can cause transitory salivation, vomiting and an apparent calming effect on the pig. If signs of toxicity occur, discontinue use of medicated water and replace with clean, fresh water.

Tiamulin administered at therapeutic levels is relatively quickly absorbed, metabolized in the liver and eliminated from the body of the bird after a withdrawal period of 72 h and as a result, meat products can be safely consumed. A zero-withdrawal period for eggs has been granted in several European Union states. 

Uses of Tiamulin

As a therapeutic antibiotic and semisynthetic derivative of pleuromutilin used in poultry medicine, some of the other vital uses are :

• To fight infections as a therapeutic antibiotic in birds and animals
• It shows small benefits in improving performance in healthy animals
• Effectively used in the treatment of air sacculitis, which is primarily caused by Mycoplasma spp.
• Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate in a lactose carrier, as a 12.5% solution for inclusion in drinking water and  
• As a medicated feed premix, commonly 2, 10, and 80% strength
• Tiamulin is highly active in vitro against Mycoplasma strains and gram positive bacteria
• Controlling the hazardous bacterial infections especially in broiler breeders
• Increased feed intake and feed conversion ratio during coadministration of tiamulin and semduramicin 

Generally, poultry are able to synthesis vitamin C, but this synthesis is thought to be inadequate during times of heat stress, disease and intensive production. The poultry are subjected to considerable stress such as rapid growth rate, hot or cold temperatures and diseases that can affect performances. Vitamin C reduces the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones in birds and alleviates the negative effects of stress. In terms of egg characteristics, eggshell quality is a major factor, which is ameliorated by vitamin C utilization. Vitamin C stimulates 1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol and increases calcium mobilization from bone, suggesting that it has an important function in eggshell formation and quality. Capability of hens to produce shells depends essentially on the availability of calcium from bones. Vitamin C increases calcium absorption or development of bone tissue and may play some role in improving bone properties. It has been also found that vitamin C supplementation reduces calcium excretion in low ambient temperature and could reduce shell defects and improve shell quality.

Vitamin C or ascorbic acid can improve the performance of laying hens in a number of ways:

• Improved performance

Vitamin C supplementation can improve the productive performance of laying hens raised in normal temperatures. It can also help hens under heat stress conditions improve their performance, egg production, egg weight, and egg shell thickness.

• Improved egg characteristics

Vitamin C supplementation can improve some egg characteristics, such as yolk height, shape index, and yolk index. It can also decrease plasma uric acid.

• Reduced stress

Vitamin C can help reduce stress and stress-induced problems, such as poor immunity, reduced feed intake, poor weight gain, oxidative stress, and mortality. It can also alleviate chronic heat stress in laying hens by reducing acid-base imbalance in body fluids and oxidative damage and inflammatory response in the liver.

Benefits of Vitamin C on Poultry health

• It has antioxidant properties that help protect cells and tissues from damage, which can improve poultry’s overall health and resilience. 
• Vitamin C can also help poultry fight the effects of heat stress, and can be used as a therapeutic feed additive to improve poultry productivity. It can also help with acid-base imbalances in the body fluids of laying hens, and oxidative damage and inflammation in the liver.
• Vitamin C can boost poultry’s immune system, making them more resistant to disease. It can also help with stress-induced problems like poor immunity, reduced feed intake, and poor weight gain.
• Vitamin C can increase plasma calcium levels, which can improve eggshell formation. It can also enhance egg production and egg shell quality.
• Vitamin C can contribute to faster growth rates in poultry, which is important for meat and egg production.

Betaine has been used in broiler nutrition for many years. Betaine is a functional nutrient commonly used as a feed additive in animal nutrition, mainly as methyl donor. Scientific proof has been provided to show that betaine improves production performance, to replace other methyl group donors, to assist birds during heat stress and to improve slaughter characteristics.

About the Product

Betaine HCL 98% is produce by using TMA, Sodium carbonate & Hydrochloric acid. The properties of betaine derive from Nature or synthetic products are equal, unveiling a cheaper, non hygroscopic & non seasonal source of betaine HCL for feed industry. Betaine is the most important carrier of preformed, transferable methyl groups in diets for poultry.

Methyl groups are required for synthesis of numerous substances such as creatine, phosphatidylcholine, carnitine, adrenaline, methyl purines as well as methylated amino acids. Betaine (trimethylglycine) functions very closely with choline, folic acid, vitamin B12, and a form of the amino acid methionine known as S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe). All of these compounds function as “methyl donors.” They carry and donate methyl molecules to facilitate necessary chemical processes. Betaine is well established in literature as an osmolyte, enabling cellular efficiency to decrease energy needs so livestock can live up to its full potential in production. 

Benefits & Uses of Betaine HCL

• Betaine hydrochloride is an efficient methyl group supplier and can be used to partially replace methionine and choline chloride in feed rations to decrease formulation costs.
• Improved digestibility and intestinal cell growth in livestock and poultry have been associated with added betaine. These factors are attributed to improved water retention of the animal and thus controlling excreta.
• Improving nutrient digestibility by supplementing betaine can also impact litter moisture. Adding betaine hydrochloride significantly reduces moisture by over 3% thus helping houses to manage litter moisture issue.
• Betaine hydrochloride has been found to increase lean weight gain and improve the meat quality.
• Betaine hydrochloride has been found to be highly effective in increasing the survival rate of juvenile fish and shrimp.
• As a potent osmolyte, betaine enables animals to be better equipped to handle environmental stress which is a daily occurrence for layers in peak production. The osmotic properties of betaine were hypothesised to be stored into the egg, allowing the egg to reduce cell and protein degradation associated with egg quality. 
• By reducing mortality and litter moisture, betaine is a useful tool for producers to improve overall layer liveability.
• By increasing the efficiency of osmoregulation, betaine present in surplus may be reducing protein degradation in the egg, thereby improving egg quality and prolongs freshness.

• Improved resistance to coccidiosis
• Improves Carcass Quality

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